stored<\/a>\u00a0and refrigerated before analysis. The samples are weighed at the time of collection, whereas the subjects are weighed daily and after every sampling occasion (Eriksson et al., 2004).<\/p>The first step in intravenous injection procedures is determining the exact volume of drug substances to be administered, depending on the animal\u2019s weight. The RGB light contrasts are then adjusted to meet the optimal contrast of the lateral caudal veins. Once the light arc setup is ready, the syringe is prepared and filled with the drug substance. Air bubbles must be removed. Importantly, the drug injection must be of moderate temperature, as administering large quantities of the cold solution may cause hypothermia and alter the efficacy of the drug under consideration.<\/p>
Once everything is set, the rodent is then placed into the Broome handler. It is important to follow proper handling techniques when using restraint devices, as even minimal handling can cause considerable distress to the animal. (Refer to Broome handler\u2019s protocol section for detailed instructions). Afterwards, the rodent\u2019s tail is submerged in a warm water bath set at 42 degrees Celsius for an approximate duration of 40 to 45 seconds for vasodilation. A beaker must be placed in the water bath for urine and feces collection. Warming up the rodent\u2019s body by using heat lamps may also be an efficient option, but takes longer and carries the risk of heat stroke.<\/p>
The tail is afterward dried, and either of the lateral caudal veins is then located under the illumination of the light arc. Once a caudal vein is spotted, the tail is held with the thumb of one hand, and the needle is gently inserted with the dominant hand. The needle must be parallel to the vein and should not be penetrated more than 6 to 7 mm inside. The experimenter must not attempt to extract the blood back into the needle, as this may cause the vein to rupture.<\/p>
The plunger must be pressed gently and slowly, and if the experimenter feels resistance or notices a lump, he\/she must immediately stop, retract the needle, and re-insert it approximately 1 to 2 cm above the same vein. Once the injection is completed, the experimenter must cover the injection site with a swab before the needle is retracted to limit excess blood and drug loss. The swab must be kept pressed until the rodent is removed from the Broome handler. Afterward, if the restrainer is reused, it should be rinsed with a sufficient amount of water before it is replaced in the light arc structure for the next rodent injection.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t